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desc
@@


1.3
log
@Switching exporter and resync
@
text
@.\" Copyright (C) Caldera International Inc. 2001-2002.  All rights reserved.
.\" 
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
.\" met:
.\" 
.\" Redistributions of source code and documentation must retain the above
.\" copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
.\" disclaimer.
.\" 
.\" Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 
.\" All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" 
.\" This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera
.\" International, Inc.  Neither the name of Caldera International, Inc.
.\" nor the names of other contributors may be used to endorse or promote
.\" products derived from this software without specific prior written
.\" permission.
.\" 
.\" USE OF THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED FOR UNDER THIS LICENSE BY CALDERA
.\" INTERNATIONAL, INC.  AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
.\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
.\" DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL CALDERA INTERNATIONAL, INC. BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR
.\" BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
.\" WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE
.\" OR OTHERWISE) RISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN
.\" IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
.\" 
.\" $FreeBSD: head/share/doc/psd/04.uprog/p2 96925 2002-05-19 06:13:52Z grog $
.\"
.\"	@@(#)p2	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
.\"
.NH
BASICS
.NH 2
Program Arguments
.PP
When a C program is run as a command,
the arguments on the command line are made available
to the
function
.UL main
as an argument count
.UL argc
and an array
.UL argv
of
pointers to
character strings
that contain
the arguments.
By convention,
.UL argv[0]
is the command name itself,
so
.UL argc
is always greater than 0.
.PP
The following program illustrates the mechanism:
it simply echoes its arguments
back to the terminal.
(This is essentially the
.UL echo
command.)
.P1
main(argc, argv)	/* echo arguments */
int argc;
char *argv[];
{
	int i;

	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
		printf("%s%c", argv[i], (i<argc-1) ? ' ' : '\en');
}
.P2
.UL argv
is a pointer to an array
whose individual elements are pointers to arrays of characters;
each is terminated by
.UL \e0 ,
so they can be treated as strings.
The program starts by printing 
.UL argv[1]
and loops until it has printed them all.
.PP
The argument count and the arguments
are parameters to
.UL main .
If you want to keep them around so other
routines can get at them, you must
copy them to external variables.
.NH 2
The ``Standard Input'' and ``Standard Output''
.PP
The simplest input mechanism is to read the ``standard input,''
which is generally the user's terminal.
The function
.UL getchar
returns the next input character each time it is called.
A file may be substituted for the terminal by
using the
.UL <
convention: 
if
.UL prog
uses 
.UL getchar ,
then
the command line
.P1
prog <file
.P2
causes
.UL prog
to read
.UL file
instead of the terminal.
.UL prog
itself need know nothing about where its input
is coming from.
This is also true if the input comes from another program via
the 
.U 
pipe mechanism:
.P1
otherprog | prog
.P2
provides the standard input for
.UL prog
from the standard output of
.UL otherprog.
.PP
.UL getchar
returns the value
.UL EOF
when it encounters the end of file
(or an error)
on whatever you are reading.
The value of
.UL EOF
is normally defined to be
.UL -1 ,
but it is unwise to take any advantage
of that knowledge.
As will become clear shortly,
this value is automatically defined for you when
you compile a program,
and need not be of any concern.
.PP
Similarly,
.UL putchar(c)
puts the character
.UL c
on the ``standard output,''
which is also by default the terminal.
The output can be captured on a file
by using
.UL > :
if
.UL prog
uses
.UL putchar ,
.P1
prog >outfile
.P2
writes the standard output on
.UL outfile 
instead of the terminal.
.UL outfile
is created if it doesn't exist;
if it already exists, its previous contents are overwritten.
And a pipe can be used:
.P1
prog | otherprog
.P2
puts the standard output of
.UL prog
into the standard input of
.UL otherprog.
.PP
The function
.UL printf ,
which formats output in various ways,
uses
the same mechanism as
.UL putchar
does,
so calls to
.UL printf
and
.UL putchar
may be intermixed in any order;
the output will appear in the order of the calls.
.PP
Similarly, the function
.UL scanf
provides for formatted input conversion;
it will read the standard input and break it
up into strings, numbers, etc.,
as desired.
.UL scanf
uses the same mechanism as
.UL getchar ,
so calls to them may also be intermixed.
.PP
Many programs
read only one input and write one output;
for such programs I/O
with
.UL getchar ,
.UL putchar ,
.UL scanf ,
and
.UL printf
may be entirely adequate,
and it is almost always enough to get started.
This is particularly true if
the
.UC UNIX
pipe facility is used to connect the output of
one program to the input of the next.
For example, the following program
strips out all ascii control characters
from its input
(except for newline and tab).
.P1
#include <stdio.h>

main()	/* ccstrip: strip non-graphic characters */
{
	int c;
	while ((c = getchar()) != EOF)
		if ((c >= ' ' && c < 0177) || c == '\et' || c == '\en')
			putchar(c);
	exit(0);
}
.P2
The line
.P1
#include <stdio.h>
.P2
should appear at the beginning of each source file.
It causes the C compiler to read a file
.IT /usr/include/stdio.h ) (
of
standard routines and symbols
that includes the definition of
.UL EOF .
.PP
If it is necessary to treat multiple files,
you can use
.UL cat
to collect the files for you:
.P1
cat file1 file2 ... | ccstrip >output
.P2
and thus avoid learning how to access files from a program.
By the way,
the call to
.UL exit
at the end is not necessary to make the program work
properly,
but it assures that any caller
of the program will see a normal termination status
(conventionally 0)
from the program when it completes.
Section 6 discusses status returns in more detail.
@


1.3.2.1
log
@file p2 was added on branch RELENG_8_4 on 2013-03-28 13:03:40 +0000
@
text
@d1 275
@


1.3.2.2
log
@## SVN ## Exported commit - http://svnweb.freebsd.org/changeset/base/248810
## SVN ## CVS IS DEPRECATED: http://wiki.freebsd.org/CvsIsDeprecated
@
text
@a0 275
.\" Copyright (C) Caldera International Inc. 2001-2002.  All rights reserved.
.\" 
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
.\" met:
.\" 
.\" Redistributions of source code and documentation must retain the above
.\" copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
.\" disclaimer.
.\" 
.\" Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 
.\" All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
.\" 
.\" This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera
.\" International, Inc.  Neither the name of Caldera International, Inc.
.\" nor the names of other contributors may be used to endorse or promote
.\" products derived from this software without specific prior written
.\" permission.
.\" 
.\" USE OF THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED FOR UNDER THIS LICENSE BY CALDERA
.\" INTERNATIONAL, INC.  AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
.\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
.\" DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL CALDERA INTERNATIONAL, INC. BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR
.\" BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
.\" WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE
.\" OR OTHERWISE) RISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN
.\" IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
.\" 
.\" $FreeBSD: releng/8.4/share/doc/psd/04.uprog/p2 96925 2002-05-19 06:13:52Z grog $
.\"
.\"	@@(#)p2	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
.\"
.NH
BASICS
.NH 2
Program Arguments
.PP
When a C program is run as a command,
the arguments on the command line are made available
to the
function
.UL main
as an argument count
.UL argc
and an array
.UL argv
of
pointers to
character strings
that contain
the arguments.
By convention,
.UL argv[0]
is the command name itself,
so
.UL argc
is always greater than 0.
.PP
The following program illustrates the mechanism:
it simply echoes its arguments
back to the terminal.
(This is essentially the
.UL echo
command.)
.P1
main(argc, argv)	/* echo arguments */
int argc;
char *argv[];
{
	int i;

	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
		printf("%s%c", argv[i], (i<argc-1) ? ' ' : '\en');
}
.P2
.UL argv
is a pointer to an array
whose individual elements are pointers to arrays of characters;
each is terminated by
.UL \e0 ,
so they can be treated as strings.
The program starts by printing 
.UL argv[1]
and loops until it has printed them all.
.PP
The argument count and the arguments
are parameters to
.UL main .
If you want to keep them around so other
routines can get at them, you must
copy them to external variables.
.NH 2
The ``Standard Input'' and ``Standard Output''
.PP
The simplest input mechanism is to read the ``standard input,''
which is generally the user's terminal.
The function
.UL getchar
returns the next input character each time it is called.
A file may be substituted for the terminal by
using the
.UL <
convention: 
if
.UL prog
uses 
.UL getchar ,
then
the command line
.P1
prog <file
.P2
causes
.UL prog
to read
.UL file
instead of the terminal.
.UL prog
itself need know nothing about where its input
is coming from.
This is also true if the input comes from another program via
the 
.U 
pipe mechanism:
.P1
otherprog | prog
.P2
provides the standard input for
.UL prog
from the standard output of
.UL otherprog.
.PP
.UL getchar
returns the value
.UL EOF
when it encounters the end of file
(or an error)
on whatever you are reading.
The value of
.UL EOF
is normally defined to be
.UL -1 ,
but it is unwise to take any advantage
of that knowledge.
As will become clear shortly,
this value is automatically defined for you when
you compile a program,
and need not be of any concern.
.PP
Similarly,
.UL putchar(c)
puts the character
.UL c
on the ``standard output,''
which is also by default the terminal.
The output can be captured on a file
by using
.UL > :
if
.UL prog
uses
.UL putchar ,
.P1
prog >outfile
.P2
writes the standard output on
.UL outfile 
instead of the terminal.
.UL outfile
is created if it doesn't exist;
if it already exists, its previous contents are overwritten.
And a pipe can be used:
.P1
prog | otherprog
.P2
puts the standard output of
.UL prog
into the standard input of
.UL otherprog.
.PP
The function
.UL printf ,
which formats output in various ways,
uses
the same mechanism as
.UL putchar
does,
so calls to
.UL printf
and
.UL putchar
may be intermixed in any order;
the output will appear in the order of the calls.
.PP
Similarly, the function
.UL scanf
provides for formatted input conversion;
it will read the standard input and break it
up into strings, numbers, etc.,
as desired.
.UL scanf
uses the same mechanism as
.UL getchar ,
so calls to them may also be intermixed.
.PP
Many programs
read only one input and write one output;
for such programs I/O
with
.UL getchar ,
.UL putchar ,
.UL scanf ,
and
.UL printf
may be entirely adequate,
and it is almost always enough to get started.
This is particularly true if
the
.UC UNIX
pipe facility is used to connect the output of
one program to the input of the next.
For example, the following program
strips out all ascii control characters
from its input
(except for newline and tab).
.P1
#include <stdio.h>

main()	/* ccstrip: strip non-graphic characters */
{
	int c;
	while ((c = getchar()) != EOF)
		if ((c >= ' ' && c < 0177) || c == '\et' || c == '\en')
			putchar(c);
	exit(0);
}
.P2
The line
.P1
#include <stdio.h>
.P2
should appear at the beginning of each source file.
It causes the C compiler to read a file
.IT /usr/include/stdio.h ) (
of
standard routines and symbols
that includes the definition of
.UL EOF .
.PP
If it is necessary to treat multiple files,
you can use
.UL cat
to collect the files for you:
.P1
cat file1 file2 ... | ccstrip >output
.P2
and thus avoid learning how to access files from a program.
By the way,
the call to
.UL exit
at the end is not necessary to make the program work
properly,
but it assures that any caller
of the program will see a normal termination status
(conventionally 0)
from the program when it completes.
Section 6 discusses status returns in more detail.
@


1.2
log
@Remove original license disclaimer.
Add Caldera license.

Approved by:    David Taylor <davidt@@caldera.com>

Make buildable under FreeBSD.
@
text
@d37 1
a37 1
.\" $FreeBSD$
@


1.2.24.1
log
@Switch importer
@
text
@d37 1
a37 1
.\" $FreeBSD: stable/7/share/doc/psd/04.uprog/p2 96925 2002-05-19 06:13:52Z grog $
@


1.2.14.1
log
@Switch importer
@
text
@d37 1
a37 1
.\" $FreeBSD: stable/6/share/doc/psd/04.uprog/p2 96925 2002-05-19 06:13:52Z grog $
@


1.2.42.1
log
@SVN rev 225736 on 2011-09-23 00:51:37Z by kensmith

Copy head to stable/9 as part of 9.0-RELEASE release cycle.

Approved by:	re (implicit)
@
text
@@


1.2.42.2
log
@## SVN ##
## SVN ## Exported commit - http://svnweb.freebsd.org/changeset/base/ 242902
## SVN ## CVS IS DEPRECATED: http://wiki.freebsd.org/CvsIsDeprecated
## SVN ##
## SVN ## ------------------------------------------------------------------------
## SVN ## r242902 | dteske | 2012-11-11 23:29:45 +0000 (Sun, 11 Nov 2012) | 10 lines
## SVN ##
## SVN ## Fix a regression introduced by SVN r211417 that saw the breakage of a feature
## SVN ## documented in usr.sbin/sysinstall/help/shortcuts.hlp (reproduced below):
## SVN ##
## SVN ## If /usr/sbin/sysinstall is linked to another filename, say
## SVN ## `/usr/local/bin/configPackages', then the basename will be used
## SVN ## as an implicit command name.
## SVN ##
## SVN ## Reviewed by:	adrian (co-mentor)
## SVN ## Approved by:	adrian (co-mentor)
## SVN ##
## SVN ## ------------------------------------------------------------------------
## SVN ##
@
text
@d37 1
a37 1
.\" $FreeBSD: stable/9/share/doc/psd/04.uprog/p2 96925 2002-05-19 06:13:52Z grog $
@


1.2.42.1.4.1
log
@SVN rev 239080 on 2012-08-05 23:54:33Z by kensmith

Copy stable/9 to releng/9.1 as part of the 9.1-RELEASE release process.

Approved by:	re (implicit)
@
text
@@


1.2.42.1.4.2
log
@Switch importer
@
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1.2.42.1.2.1
log
@SVN rev 227445 on 2011-11-11 04:20:22Z by kensmith

Copy stable/9 to releng/9.0 as part of the FreeBSD 9.0-RELEASE release
cycle.

Approved by:	re (implicit)
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1.2.42.1.2.2
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1.2.40.1
log
@SVN rev 216618 on 2010-12-21 17:10:29Z by kensmith

Copy stable/7 to releng/7.4 in preparation for FreeBSD-7.4 release.

Approved by:	re (implicit)
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1.2.40.2
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1.2.38.1
log
@SVN rev 203736 on 2010-02-10 00:26:20Z by kensmith

Copy stable/7 to releng/7.3 as part of the 7.3-RELEASE process.

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1.2.36.1
log
@SVN rev 196045 on 2009-08-03 08:13:06Z by kensmith

Copy head to stable/8 as part of 8.0 Release cycle.

Approved by:	re (Implicit)
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1.2.36.2
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@## SVN ##
## SVN ## Exported commit - http://svnweb.freebsd.org/changeset/base/ 242909
## SVN ## CVS IS DEPRECATED: http://wiki.freebsd.org/CvsIsDeprecated
## SVN ##
## SVN ## ------------------------------------------------------------------------
## SVN ## r242909 | dim | 2012-11-12 07:47:19 +0000 (Mon, 12 Nov 2012) | 20 lines
## SVN ##
## SVN ## MFC r242625:
## SVN ##
## SVN ## Remove duplicate const specifiers in many drivers (I hope I got all of
## SVN ## them, please let me know if not).  Most of these are of the form:
## SVN ##
## SVN ## static const struct bzzt_type {
## SVN ##       [...list of members...]
## SVN ## } const bzzt_devs[] = {
## SVN ##       [...list of initializers...]
## SVN ## };
## SVN ##
## SVN ## The second const is unnecessary, as arrays cannot be modified anyway,
## SVN ## and if the elements are const, the whole thing is const automatically
## SVN ## (e.g. it is placed in .rodata).
## SVN ##
## SVN ## I have verified this does not change the binary output of a full kernel
## SVN ## build (except for build timestamps embedded in the object files).
## SVN ##
## SVN ## Reviewed by:	yongari, marius
## SVN ##
## SVN ## ------------------------------------------------------------------------
## SVN ##
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1.2.36.1.8.1
log
@SVN rev 232438 on 2012-03-03 06:15:13Z by kensmith

Copy stable/8 to releng/8.3 as part of 8.3-RELEASE release cycle.

Approved by:	re (implicit)
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1.2.36.1.8.2
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1.2.36.1.6.1
log
@SVN rev 216617 on 2010-12-21 17:09:25Z by kensmith

Copy stable/8 to releng/8.2 in preparation for FreeBSD-8.2 release.

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1.2.36.1.4.1
log
@SVN rev 209145 on 2010-06-14 02:09:06Z by kensmith

Copy stable/8 to releng/8.1 in preparation for 8.1-RC1.

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1.2.36.1.2.1
log
@SVN rev 198460 on 2009-10-25 01:10:29Z by kensmith

Copy stable/8 to releng/8.0 as part of 8.0-RELEASE release procedure.

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1.2.34.1
log
@SVN rev 191087 on 2009-04-15 03:14:26Z by kensmith

Create releng/7.2 from stable/7 in preparation for 7.2-RELEASE.

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1.2.32.1
log
@SVN rev 185281 on 2008-11-25 02:59:29Z by kensmith

Create releng/7.1 in preparation for moving into RC phase of 7.1 release
cycle.

Approved by:	re (implicit)
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1.2.30.1
log
@SVN rev 183531 on 2008-10-02 02:57:24Z by kensmith

Create releng/6.4 from stable/6 in preparation for 6.4-RC1.

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1.1
log
@Initial checkin: 4.4BSD version.  These files need to be updated with
current license information and adapted to the FreeBSD build
environment before they will build.

Approved by:    David Taylor <davidt@@caldera.com>
@
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.\" This module is believed to contain source code proprietary to AT&T.
.\" Use and redistribution is subject to the Berkeley Software License
.\" Agreement and your Software Agreement with AT&T (Western Electric).
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